基于农林植物表型的智能喷雾机械研究进展

传统喷雾机械通常仅关注无生命的机械作业性能，而忽略了有生命的植物因素，造成喷雾机械智能化水平不高。文中在分析农林植物表型对喷雾机械设计方法和喷雾性能影响的基础上，系统综述国内外开展的智能喷雾机械研究，提出基于植物表型的智能喷雾机械设计方法研究展望，探讨分析基于农林植物表型特征参数的新型、高水平智能化喷雾机械，并指出农林植物表型技术的发展必将推动绿色智能喷雾机械的创新。     

温度和密度对日本医蛭繁殖的影响

在实验室网箱中,研究温度(24±1)℃和(20±1℃)与密度(200尾/箱和100尾/箱)对平均体质量1g左右的日本医蛭Hirudo nipponia亲蛭交配率、减重率、产茧数量和体质量的影响,比较卵茧质量(0.05g、0.05~0.1g和0.1g)对孵出仔蛭数量的影响。结果表明:温度(24±1)℃、密度100尾/箱时亲蛭交配率(86±0.06)%和平均产茧量(0.87±0.14)枚/尾最高;亲蛭产茧后平均体质量下降(32.1±0.059)%;繁殖期间共收集卵茧870枚,孵化率87.47%;平均卵茧质量为(0.11±0.009)g(变化范围0.03g~0.25g);密度和温度对产茧量的影响极显著(P0.01),对卵茧平均质量和长短径的影响不显著(P0.05);(24±1)℃组亲蛭的产茧时间比(20±1)℃组缩短10~15d,单日卵茧最高收集量为43枚,(20±1)℃时单日最高收集量24枚;卵茧共孵出仔蛭5 648尾,随着卵茧质量增加产出的仔蛭数量和质量也增加。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

湖北省森林资源动态变化分析与评价——基于八次森林资源连续清查数据

在阐述了湖北省森林资源连续清查体系建设情况的基础上,基于1979—2014年间8次森林资源连续清查数据,对湖北省林地面积、覆盖率、活立木总蓄积量动态变化进行分析,对湖北省森林资源变化趋势进行分析评价。结果表明,湖北省林地面积保持大幅增长态势,但未来增长空间有限;森林覆盖率呈现稳中有升趋势,但增长速度会放缓;活立木总蓄积量呈现快速增长势头,未来增长幅度趋于稳定。     

不同磷水平下接种解磷菌剂对生菜促生效应及土壤磷素形态的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了在4种不同施磷水平下施用解磷菌剂对生菜(Lactucas sativa L. var. ramosa Hort.)促生效应及土壤磷素形态的影响。结果表明,在土壤缺磷情况下,施用解磷菌剂能提高生菜叶和根的鲜重和干重,提高叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率,增加植株磷素吸收量,提高生菜的品质和产量,并能减少土壤中全磷含量的积累,促进土壤有效磷的释放和土壤库中有效磷的积累。在土壤磷素丰富的情况下,施用解磷菌剂对生菜的生长和土壤磷素营养促进作用较弱。土壤添加磷肥量为0.375 g/kg,解磷菌剂对生菜的促生效应和土壤磷素释放效果最佳。解磷菌剂的应用不仅能减少农田土壤磷素的流失,减轻农田土壤磷面源污染的风险,还能为蔬菜生产保质保量,达到收益最大化。     

对虾养殖池副溶血弧菌的分离鉴定及其耐药特征、毒力基因分析

为了解对虾养殖池中副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)的耐药性和毒力基因的携带情况，2018年从山东4个地区的对虾养殖池收集分离副溶血弧菌，采用Kirby-Bauer纸片法检测其对12种抗生素的耐药性，用PCR方法检测其携带耐热直接溶血素基因(tdh)和耐热相关溶血素基因(trh)的情况。从对虾养殖池共分离副溶血弧菌50株。药敏实验结果显示，副溶血弧菌对庆大霉素、硫酸新霉素和氨苄西林的耐药情况最为严重，耐药率分别高达98%、90%和86%，对氟苯尼考、氯霉素、头孢他啶等敏感性较高，耐药率分别为10%、10%和20%。88%的菌株具有多重耐药性。毒力基因检测结果显示，所有菌株均不携带tdh基因，4%的菌株表现为trh阳性。本研究表明，对虾养殖水环境中的副溶血弧菌对抗生素的耐药性较为严重，应加强副溶血弧菌的病原学监测，在养殖过程中合理使用抗生素，以实现水产养殖业健康发展。     

A Lymphoid Organ Specific Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor from Litopenaeus vannamei Exhibits Strong Antimicrobial Activities

Different shrimp species are known to possess apparent distinct resistance to different pathogens in aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this finding still remains unknown. One kind of important antimicrobial peptides, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALF), exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Here, we reported a newly identified ALF from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and compared the immune function with its counterpart in the shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The ALF, designated as LvALF8, was specifically expressed in the lymphoid organ of L. vannamei. The expression level of LvALF8 was apparently changed after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenges. The synthetic LBD peptide of LvALF8 (LvALF8-LBD) showed strong antibacterial activities against most tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. LvALF8-LBD could also inhibit the in vivo propagation of WSSV similar as FcALF8-LBD, the LBD of LvALF8 counterpart in F. chinensis. However, LvALF8-LBD and FcALF8-LBD exhibited apparently different antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus, the main pathogen causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of affected shrimp. A structural analysis showed that the positive net charge and amphipathicity characteristics of LvALF8-LBD peptide were speculated as two important components for its enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to those of FcALF8-LBD. These new findings may not only provide some evidence to explain the distinct disease resistance among different shrimp species, but also lay out new research ground for the testing and development of LBD-originated antimicrobial peptides to control of shrimp diseases.